Education isn't the process of putting knowledge into students' heads. There are no knowledge quanta. We don't exchange information by engram. Teaching and learning are complicated processes that we barely understand.
I love Vygotsky's scaffolding metaphor. His Zone of Proximal Development and focus on praxis best describes my concept of what teaching is and how it works. We reach students by recognizing how each of them grasps for us. We're all teaching and learning as we approach mutual understanding. If we assume that the density and richness of this scaffolding is directly proportional to the resources available to sustain it, then we have a dilemma. With finite resources, we cannot hope to achieve perfect understanding. Teaching is learning how to work within these limits to achieve the highest fidelity for every student in each classroom.
But what do we hope to accomplish? What is an educated person? How do we recognize success in our work? These questions imply the big one: Why do we educate our children? I'll throw out one possible answer (there are other answers, but I think this is a useful one): We educate our children to maximize their happiness (both emotional and economic) and, through this, to create a richer society (both culturally and economically).
This presents another dilemma: We are in an unprecedented period of accelerating economic and social change. The resulting uncertainty obviates the utility of any discrete set of knowledge, tools or tricks as a guarantor of security — economic or otherwise. Yet, if we're going to make education compulsory, we have an obligation to make it useful. Therefore, we need to teach students to embrace complexity and uncertainty. An educated person must know how to see, how to understand what he or she is seeing and how to act on that understanding.
In an English classroom, this might mean knowing how to interrogate a text for meaning and then how to explain how these revealed factors elicited his or her response to it. This skill requires language facility sufficient to explain complicated things to others — ideally, to a variety of types of others. It means helping students achieve things that are hard so that they develop the confidence to do new things. It also means teaching students the value of failure, how to learn from it and how to integrate that knowledge into new and better strategies.
There is no knowledge without communication. Innovation is a conversation. Our accelerando culture emerges from an ongoing conversation about what the world is, what it's made from and how it works. Participation in this discourse is enriched in proportion to the acquisition of particular knowledge and skills. Paradoxically, this expertise reduces the size of the discourse community. The educated person is an expert able to see, understand and act within, outside and between his or her specialty and other areas. He or she draws on specific knowledge, sees analogies and connections to other areas, and has the ability and courage to communicate this understanding to others.